MEMS sensors for flow measurement in harsh environments
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Introduction
1
Literature review on flow sensing for harsh environments
1.1
Flow equations and turbulence scales
1.2
Flow measurement techniques
1.2.1
Historical overview
1.2.2
Hot wires
1.2.3
Wall shear stress sensors
1.2.4
Summary table
1.3
Extending MEMS anemometers to harsh environments
1.3.1
Wide bandgap materials
1.3.2
SiC as a mechanical support
1.3.3
SiC as a sensing material
1.3.4
Manufacturing challenges
2
Development of a batch fabrication process for 3C-SiC wall shear stress sensors
2.1
Fabricating electrically insulated suspended 3C-SiC resistors
2.1.1
The challenge to build calorimetric sensors
2.2
3C–SiC calorimeters
2.2.1
Dry etching process
2.2.2
Global flowchart
2.3
Characterizations
2.3.1
Characterization setup
2.3.2
TCR measurement
2.3.3
Resistance-Power characteristic
2.4
Conditioning of hot-wire sensors
2.4.1
Development of a CTA suited for SiC hot wires
2.4.2
Frequency response assessment
3
Sensor testings in real flows
3.1
Wind tunnel testings
3.2
Wind tunnel facility
3.3
Flush-mounting of sensors on the wind tunnel wall
3.4
Wall shear stress calibration
3.4.1
The Coles-Fernholz method
3.4.2
Calorimetric response to wall shear stress
3.5
Square-wave tests
3.5.1
Theory
3.6
Overheat effect
3.7
Dynamic response
Conclusion
References
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2 Development of a batch fabrication process for 3C-SiC wall shear stress sensors
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2.2 3C–SiC calorimeters
#
2.2
3C–SiC calorimeters
800 nm
50 µm
300 µm
3.4 mm
3C-SiC
gold contact
pads
silicon layer
borosilicate
substrate
lateral measurement
wires (LW)
central heating
wire (CW)
4.9 mm
Figure 2.2.
SiC calorimeter structure.
Figure 2.3.
SiC calorimeter heating
#
2.2.1
Dry etching process
#
2.2.2
Global flowchart
<100>
Si wafer
3C-SiC
epitaxy
Backside grinding
+ polishing
Anodic bonding to
a borosilicate
wafer
Borosilicate
Ti/Au pads
evaporation
DRIE of
SiC + Si
XeF
2
wire
release
300 µm
50 µm
800 nm
250 nm
6 µm
6 µm
Si
3C-SiC
Figure 2.4.
Fabrication flowchart for SiC calorimeters.
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Fabricating electrically insulated suspended 3C-SiC resistors
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Characterizations